Measurement, Statistics, and Appraisal Assignment

Measurement, Statistics, and Appraisal - Assignment Example and Marko Margaritoni, a publication of 2010. The research looked at the mental, physical, and social challenges faced by women who have undergone mastectomy. Ideally the issue of breast cancer has been deemed to be a serious healthcare issue particularly to women. Over the years, cases of breast cancer have increased prompting studies aim at understanding the problem (Oluwatosin & Oladepo, 2006). In order to accomplish this task, a number of issues are critically examined including the purpose of the study, protection of human participants, data collection, data analysis, problem statement, and interpretation of findings. Purpose of study The researchers did an excellent job in introducing the study, giving relevant statistics and identifying gaps in research. According to them, little work concerning physical, emotional as well a other effects related to mastectomy has been done in relation to African women especially those living with limited resources, have little education among others. It is against this background that the researchers clearly presented the purpose of the research towards the end of their introduction. ... From the research, it is evident that the researchers managed to identify and describe the participants. They explained how they were recruited and how they obtained informed consent from the subject. More importantly, ethical clearance for the study was granted by Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital. Although it was indicated that participation was voluntarily, it can be deduced that the subjects took part in the study on their own volition since some of them declined to take part in the study and they were not victimized. The greatest benefit for participants in taking part in the study is related to medical advice they received from oncologist (Odigie, et al., 2010). It is worth noting that no risks were identified, however, there was the risk of participant undergoing psychological emotion when recalling their experiences after mastectomy. Nonetheless, this was not a serious issue compared to the benefits. Data collection All studies should clearly identify and describe bot h dependent and independent variables. In this case, the researcher listed a number of variables that were to be respondent to by participants (Burns & Grove, 2011). For instance, demographic data were collected, similarly, the following variables were identified â€Å"feeling of participants’ femininity, self-esteem, body image, the frequency of conjugal relations per week and the reasons for changes, frequencies of separation or divorce, the effect of treatment on sexual interest, ability to care for children, as well as updated marital status after 3 years† (Odigie, et al., 2010, p. 896). These variables were not fully described. The dependent variable according to the purpose of the study is psychological effect of

Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Laws - Essay Example Albeit there was considerable opposition to Miranda warnings for more than fourteen years after the decision, these days, little practical impediment exists in the police ability to procure a confession. In Dickerson v United States, the fact that law enforcement groups did not en masse, file amicus briefs urging the court to overturn Miranda showed how much things have changed since 1968, when law enforcement lobbies prevailed in Congress to enact an unconstitutional statute (18 U.S. Code sec. 3501), which purported to overturn Miranda. As detailed by Sociologist Richard Leo (university of California-Irvine), â€Å"police use a variety of deceptive techniques to extract confessions these days. Because the confessions are not â€Å"coercive† (according to judicial interpretation), the resulting confessions are almost always admitted into evidence†. (Leo) Why do so many people confess? Professor Leo explains the incidence thusly: that suspects are often put into a physic al environment –such as a small isolated room-which is designed to make them talk. After the isolation, the appearance of a police officer may seem like a welcome form of human contact, then the police routinely deliver the Miranda warnings in a perfunctory tone of voice and ritualistic behavioral manner, effectively conveying that these warnings are little more than a beaucratic triviality. (Leo)